Chapter
Objectives
- List the characteristics
of an angiosperm
- Explain the difference
between monocots and dicots
- Describe the importance
of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain how
they work together
- Explain how taproot
systems and fibrous root systems differ
- Explain the differences
between stolons and rhizomes
- Describe how plant cells
grow
- Distinguish between
parenchyma and collenchyma cells with regards to structure
and function
- Describe the differences
in structure and function of the 2 types of sclerenchyma cells
- Explain the importance
of tracheids and vessel elements to plants
- Distinguish between
water-conducting cells and sieve-tube members with regards
to structure and function
- Explain the differences
between simple tissues and complex tissues
- Explain the importance
of a cuticle on the aerial parts of a plant and its absence
on roots
- Describe the function
of the dermal tissue system, vascular tissue systems, and
ground tissue systems
- Distinguish among annual,
biannual, and perennial plants
- Explain the importance
of the endodermis to a plant
- Describe the importance
of an apical meristem to the primary growth of shoots
- Distinguish between
the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
- Distinguish between
the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
- Describe how wood forms
due to secondary growth of stems
- Using a diagram, describe
the basic structure of root, stem, and leaf
*************
- List 3 levels in which
transport in plants occurs and describe the role of aquaporins
- Trace the path of water
and minerals from outside the root to the shoot system
- Provide experimental
evidence that links plant cellular respiration to mineral
accumulation
- Explain how a proton
pump may affect mineral transport in plants
- Describe the symplast
and apoplast routes for the transit of water and minerals
across the root cortex from the epidermis to the stele
- Explain the function
of the Casparian strip
- Explain how solutes
are transferred between the symplast and the apoplast
- Define water potential
- Explain how solute concentration
and pressure affects water potential
- Predict the direction
of net water movement based upon differences in water potential
between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic
environment, and an isotonic environment
- Explain how root pressure
is created by some plants and how it causes guttation
- According to the transpiration~cohesion~adhesion
theory, describe how xylem sap can be pulled upward in xylem
vessels
- Explain why a water
potential gradient is required for the passive flow of water
through a plant from soil
- Compare the transpiration~to~photosynthesis
ration between C3 and C4 plants
- Describe the advantages
and disadvantages of transpiration
- Explain how guard cells
control the stomata aperture and how this, in turn, can affect
photosynthetic rate and transpiration
- Explain how K+
fluxes across the guard cell membrane affects guard cell function
- List 3 cues that contribute
to stomata opening at dawn
- Describe environmental
stresses that can cause stomata to close during the daytime
- Explain how xerophytes
can be adapted to arid climates
- Explain how crassulacean
acid metabolism allows CAM plants to reduce the transpiration
rate
- Describe source~to~sink
transport in phloem and explain what determines the direction
of pholem sap flow
- Compare; the process
of phloem loading between plants such as corn and squash
- Give 1 explanation for
how a proton pump can allow for selective accumulation of
sucrose in the symplast
- Explain what causes
phloem sap to flow from source to sink and describe how a
scientist can study pressure-flow in phloem
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- Describe the chemical
composition of plants including
- percent of wet weight
as water
- percent of dry weight
as organic substances
- percent of dry weight
as inorganic minerals
- Explain how hydroponic
culture is used to determine which minerals are essential
nutrients
- Distinguish between
macronutrient and micronutrient
- Recall the 9 macronutrients
required by plants and describe their importance in normal
plant structure and metabolism
- List 7 micronutrients
required by plants and explain why plants need only minute
quantities of these elements
- Explain how a nutrient's
role and mobility determine the symptoms of a mineral deficiency
- Explain how soil is
formed
- Explain what determines
the texture of topsoil and list the type of soil particles
fro coarsest to smallest
- Describe the composition
of loams and explain why they are the most fertile soils
- Explain how humus contributes
to the texture and composition of soil
- Explain why plants cannot
extract all of the water in soil
- Define cation exchange,
explain why it is necessary for plant nutrition, and describe
how plants can stimulate the process
- Explain why soil management
is necessary in agricultural systems but not in natural ecosystems
such as forests and grasslands
- List the 3 mineral elements
that are most commonly deficient in farm soils
- Describe the environmental
consequence of overusing commercial fertilizers
- Explain how soil pH
determines the effectiveness of fertilizers and a plant's
ability to absorb specific mineral nutrients
- Describe problems resulting
from farm irrigation in arid regions and list several current
approaches to solving these problems
- Describe precautions
that can reduce wing and water erosion
- Define nitrogen fixation
and write the overall equation representing the conversion
of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia
- Distinguish between
nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
- Recall the forms of
nitrogen than plants can absorb and describe how they are
used by plants
- Beginning with free-living
rhizobial bacteria, describe the development of a root nodule
- Explain why the symbiosis
between a legume and its nitrogen-fixing bacteria is considered
to be mutualisitic
- Recall 2 functions of
leghemoglobin and explain why its synthesis is evidence for
coevolution
- Describe the basis for
crop rotation
- Describe agricultural
research methods used to improve the quality and quantity
of proteins in plant crops
- Discuss the relationships
between root nodule formation and mycorrhizae development
- Describe modifications
for nutrition that have evolved among plants including parasitic
plants, carnivorous plants, and mycorrhizae
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Chapter
Terms:
Chapter
35 Terms |
monocots
dicots
root system
shoot system
xylem
pholem
taproot
fibrous root
root hairs
adventitious
stem
node
internode
axillary bud
terminal bud
apical dominance
leaves
blade
petiole
protoplast
parenchyma cell
collenchyma cell
sclerenchyma cell |
fiber
sclereids
tracheids
vessel elements
pits
xylem vessels
sieve-tube members
sieve plates
companion cell
dermal tissue system
epidermis
annuals
perennials
meristem
apical meristem
primary growth
secondary growth
lateral meristem
primary plant body
root cap
zone of cellular division
quiescent center
protoderm |
pericycle
procambium
ground meristem
zone of elongation
zone of maturation
stele
pith
cortex
endodermis
lateral roots
vascular bundle
stomata
guard cells
transpiration
mesophyll
secondary plant body
vascular cambium
cork cambium
ray initials
fusiform initials
periderm
bark
lenticel |
Chapter
36 Terms |
transport
proteins
selective channels
chemiosmosis
osmosis
water potential
tension
plasmolysis
turgor pressure
turgid
aquaporins |
tonoplast
symplast
apoplast
bulk flow
mycorrhizae
endodermis
Casparian strip
transpiration
cohesion
|
root
pressure
guttation
transpiration~to~photosynthesis
ratio
circadian rhythms
translocation
sugar source
sugar sink
transfer cells |
Chapter
37 Terms |
mineral
nutrients
essential nutrient
macronutrients
micronutrients
topsoil
horizons |
loams
humus
cation exchange
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
nitrogen fixation
nitrogenase |
nodules
bacteroids
mycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizae
symbiosis
leghemoglobin
crop rotation |
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Chapter
Outline Framework
- Introduction to Modern
Plant Biology
- Molecular biology
is revolutionizing the study of plants
- Plant biology reflects
the major themes in the study of life
- The Angiosperm Body
- A plant's root and
shoot systems are evolutionary adaptations to living on
land
- Structural adaptations
of protoplasts and walls equip plant cells for their specialized
functions
- The cells of a plant
are organized into dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
systems
- Plant Growth
- Meristems generate
cells for new organs throughout the lifetime f a plant
- Primary growth: apical
meristems extend roots and shoots by giving rise to the
primary plant body
- Secondary growth:
lateral meristems add girth by producing 2y vascular tissue
and periderm
- An Overview of Transport
Mechanisms in Plans
- Transport at the cellular
level depends on the selective permeability of membranes
- Proton pumps play
a central role in transport across plant membranes
- Differences in water
potential drive water transport
- Vacuolated cells have
3 major compartments
- The symplast and apoplast
both function in transport within tissues and organs
- Bulk flow functions
in long-distance transport
- Absorption of Water
and Minerals by Roots
- Root hairs, mycorrhizae,
and a large surface area of cortical cells enhance water
and mineral absorption
- The endodermis functions
as a selective sentry between the root cortex and vascular
tissue
- Transport of Xylem Sap
- The ascent of xylem
sap depends mainly on transpiration and the physical properties
of water
- Xylem sap ascends
by solar-powered bulk flow
- The Control of Transpiration
- Guard cells mediate
the photosynthesis~transpiration compromise
- Xerophytes have evolutionary
adaptations that reduce transpiration
- Translocation of Phloem
Sap
- Phloem translocates
its sap from sugar sources to sugar sinks
- Pressure flow is
the mechanism of translocation in angiosperms
- Nutritional Requirements
of Plants
- Chemical composition
of plants provides clues to nutritional requirements
- Plants require 9 macronucrients
and at least 8 micronutrients
- Symptoms of mineral
deficiency depend on the function and mobility of the element
that is deficient
- Soil
- Soil characteristics
are key environmental factors of terrestrial ecosystems
- Soil conservation
is 1 step toward sustainable agriculture
- Special Case of Nitrogen
as a Plant Nutrient
- Metabolism of soil
bacterial makes nitrogen available to plants
- Improving the protein
yield of crops is a major goal of agricultural research
- Nutritional Adaptations:
Symbiosis of Plants and Soil Microbes
- Symbiotic nitrogen
fixation results from intricate interactions between roots
and bacteria
- Mycorrhizae are symbiotic
associations of roots and fungi that enhance plant nutrition
- Mycorrhizae and root
nodules may have an evolutionary relationship
- Nutritional Adaptations:
Parasitism and Predation by Plants
- Parasitic plants extract
nutrients from other plants
- Carnivorous plants
supplement their mineral nutrition by preying on animals
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