Chapter Objectives

1. List the characteristics of protists
2. Briefly summarize and compare the 2 major models of eukaryotic origins
   1. autogenous hypothesis
   2. endosymbiotic hypothesis
3. Provide 3 lines of evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis
4. Explain why some critics are skeptical about the bacterial origins for chloroplasts and mitochondria
5. Explain why modern biologists recommend expanding the original boundaries of the Kingdom Protista
6. Explain what is meant by the statement: Kingdom Protista is a polyphyletic group
7. List 5 candidate kingdoms of Protists and describe a major feature of each
8. Describe amoeboid movement
9. Outline the life cycle of Plasmodium
10. Indicate the organism that causes of African sleeping sickness and explain how it is spread and why it is difficult to control
11. Describe the function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater ciliates
12. Distinguish between macronuclei and micronuclei
13. Use diagrams to describe conjugation in Paramecium caudatum
14. Explain how accessory pigments can be used to classify algae and determine phylogenetic relationships among divisions
15. Distinguish among the following algal groups based upon pigments, cell wall components, storage products, reproduction, number and position of flaglla, and habitat
    1. Dinoflagellata
    2. Bacillariophyta
    3. Chrysophyta
    4. Phaeophyta
    5. Rhodophyta
    6. Chlorophyta
16. Describe 3 possible evolutionary trends that led to multicellularity in the Chlorophyta
17. Outline the life cycles of Chlamydomonas, Ulva, and Laminaria and indicate whether the stages are haploid or diploid
18. Distinguish between
    1. isogamy and oogamy
    2. sporophyte and gametophyte
    3. isomorphic and heteromorphic generations
19. Compare life cycles of plasmodial and cellular slime molds and describe the major differences between them
20. Provide evidence that the oomycetes are not closely related to fungi
21. Give examples of oomycetes and describe their economic importance
22. Explain the most widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of multicellularity

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. Introduction to the Protists
   1. Protists are the most diverse of all eukaryotes
   2. Symbiosis was involved in the genesis of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
2. Protist Systematics and Phylogeny
   1. Monophyletic taxa are emerging from modern research in protist systematics
   2. Members of candidate Kingdom Archaezoa lack mitochondria and may represent early eukaryotic lineages
   3. Candidate Kingdom Euglenozoa includes both autotrophs and heterotrophic flagellates
   4. Surface cavities (alveoli) are diagnostic of candidate Kingdom Alveolata
   5. A diverse assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes move by means of pseudopodia
   6. Slime molds have structural adaptations and life cycles that enhance their ecological role as decomposes
   7. Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and water molds are members of the candidate Kingdom Stramenopila
   8. Structural and biochemical adaptations help seaweeds survive and reproduce at ocean margins
   9. Some algae have life cycles with alternating multicellular haploid and diploid generations
   10. Red algae (candidate Kingdom Rhodophyta) lack flagella
   11. Green algae and plants probably had a common photoautotrophic ancestor
   12. Multicellularity originated independently many times

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