Chapter Objectives

1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other 4 kingdoms
2. Distinguish betwen radial and bilateral symmetry
3. Outline major phylogenetic branches of the animal kingdom which are based on
   1. grade of organization
   2. symmetry and embryonic germ layers
   3. absence or presence of a body cavity
   4. protostome~deuterostome dichotomy
4. Distinguish among acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate
5. DIstinguish between
   1. spiral and radial cleavage
   2. determinate and indeterminate cleavage
   3. schizocoelous and enterocoelous coelom formation
6. Compare developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes includng
   1. plane of cleavage
   2. determination
   3. fate of balstopore
   4. coelom formatio
7. Compare and contrast 2 hypotheses about animal origins from unicellular ancestors
   1. synctial hypothesis
   2. colonial hypothesis
8. Explain why it is difficult to resolve what the 1st animals looked like
9. Describe 2 views about discontinuities between Edicaran and Cambrian forms

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10. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge and describe the function of each including the
    1. spongocoel
    2. porocyte
    3. epidermis
    4. choanocyte
    5. mesohyl
    6. amoebocyte
    7. osculum
    8. spicule
11. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria and distinguish it from other animal phyla
12. Describe the 2 basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycle
13. List the 3 classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based on life cycle and morphological characteristics
14. List the characteristics of th phylum Ctenophora that distinguish it from the other animal phyla
15. List characteristics that are shared by all bilaterally symmtrical animals
16. List characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla
17. Distinguish among the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each
18. Describe the generalized life cycle of a t rematode and give an example of 1 fluke that parasitizes humans
19. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm
20. List distinguishing characteristics descriptive of the phylum Nemertea
21. Explain why biologists believe proboscis worms evolved from flatworms (Platyhelminths)
22. Describe features of digestive and circulatory systems that have evolved in the Nemerta and are not found in other acoelomate phyla
23. Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them form othe pseudocoelomates
24. Define parthenogenesis and describe alternative forms of rotifer reproduction
25. List characteristics of the phylum Nematod that distinguish it from other pseudocoelomates
26. GIve examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes
27. List characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca rom the other animal phyla
28. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusk and explain how it has been modified in the Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, BIvalvia, and Cephalopoda
29. Distinguish among the following 4 Molluscan classes and give examples of each
    1. Gastropoda
    2. Polyplacophora
    3. Bivalvia
    4. Cephalopoda
30. Explain why some zoologists believe that mollusks evolved from ancestral annelids while others propose that mollusks arose from flatworm ancestors
31. List characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from the other animal phyla
32. Explain how a fluid-flled septate coelom is used by annelids for burrowing
33. Distinguish among the classes of annelids and give examples of each
34. List characteristics of arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda) that distinguish them from other animal phyla
35. Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton
36. Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom
37. Provide evidence for an evolutionary link between Annelida and Arthropoda
38. Describe the major independent arthropod lines of evolution represented by the subphyla
    1. Trilobitomorpha
    2. Cheliceriformes
    3. Crustacea
    4. Uniramia
39. Explain what arthropod structure was a preadaptation for living on land
40. Distinguish among the following arthropod classes and give an example of each
    1. Arachnida
    2. Crustacea
    3. Diplopoda
    4. Chilopoda
    5. Insecta
41. Distingush between incomplete and complete metamorphosis
42. Define lophophore and list 3 lophophorate phyla
43. Explain why lophophorates are difficult to assign as protostomes or deuterostomes
44. List at least 4 characteristics shared by the deuterostome phyla that distinguish them from protostomes
45. List characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla
46. Describe the structures and function of a water vascular system including the ring canal, the radial canal, the tube feet, and the ampulla
47. Distinguish among the classes of echinoderms and give examples of each

Chapter Terms:

Chapter Outline Framework

1. What is an Animal?
   1. multicellular
   2. eukaryotic
   3. heterotrophic by ingestion
   4. glycogen carbohydrate stores
   5. no cell walls but intercellular junctions present
   6. highly differentiated body cells organized into tissues, organs...etc
   7. nervous tissue (impulse conduction) and muscle tissue (movement)
   8. sexual reproduction with flagellated sperm and nonmotile eggs and dominante diploid stage in life cycle
2. An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Diversity
   1. Parazoans lack true tissues
   2. Evolution of body cavities led to more complex animals
   3. Coelomates branched into protostomes and deuterostomes
3. The Origins of Animal Diversity
   1. Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geological time
   2. Developmental genetics may clarify our understanding of the Cambrian diversification
4. The Parazoa
   1. Phylum Porifera: sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes
5. The Radiata
   1. Phylum Cnidaria: cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes
   2. Phylum Ctenophora: comb jellies possess rows of ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts
6. The Acoelomates
   1. Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms are dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates
7. The Pseudocoelomates
   1. Phylum Rotifera: rotifers have jaws and a crown of cilia
   2. Phylum Nematoda: roundworms are unsegmented and cylindrical wth tapered ends
8. The Coelomates: Protostomes
   1. Phylum Nemertea; The phylogenetic position of proboscis worms is uncertain
   2. Lophorphorate Phyla: bryozoans, phoronids, and brachiopods have ciliated tentacles around their mouths
   3. Phylum Mollusca: mollusks have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle
   4. Phylum Annelida: annelids are segmented worms
   5. Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods have regional segmentation, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton
9. The Coelomates: Deuterostomes
   1. Phylum Echinodermata: echinoderms have a water vascular system and 2y radial symmetry
   2. Phylum Chordata: the chordates include 2 invertebrate subphyla and all vertebrates

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