Chapter Objectives:

• Explain the Relation of x-rays and radioactivity
• Describe the differences and similarities among alpha, beta, and gamma rays
• Describe the forces that hold the nucleus together.
• Describe the particles that form the nucleus
• Describe how the nuclei of isotopes differ
• Explain the difference between stable and radioactive isotopes.
• Explain why atoms are radioactive.
• Define half-life.
• Describe natural and artificial transmutation of elements.
• Explain several methods for dating objects.
• Descxribe the effects of radiation on humans.

Chapter Terms:

• x-ray
• alpha particle
• beta particle
• gamma ray
• nucleon
• quarks
• isotopes
• atomic number
• atomic mass number
• half-life
• transmutation

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Chapter Outline Framework:

• X-Rays and Radioactivity
• Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
• The Nucleus
• Isotopes
• Why Atoms Are Radioactive
• Half-Life
  • Radiation Detectives
• Natural Transmutation of Elements
• Artificial Transmutation of Elements
• Radioactive Isotopes
• Carbon Dating
• Uranium Dating
• Effects of radiation on Humans
  • Radiation Damage

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